How did the Sumerians view the concept of justice and punishment?

The Sumerians were one of the earliest civilizations in human history, dating back to around 4000 BCE. Their views on justice and punishment were shaped by their religious and social beliefs.

The Sumerians believed in a strict code of law that was handed down by the gods. They believed that justice was the responsibility of the gods, and that the role of the king and the courts was to enforce the divine law. Punishment was seen as a means of restoring balance and order to society.

The Sumerian legal code was based on the principle of an eye for an eye, or a tooth for a tooth. This meant that punishments were generally proportionate to the crime committed. For example, theft was punished by having the thief's hand cut off. Murder was punished by death.

The Sumerians also believed in the concept of restitution, which meant that a criminal was required to make amends to the victim or the victim's family. This could be in the form of compensation, or by performing a service for the victim.

Overall, the Sumerians viewed justice and punishment as essential for maintaining order and harmony in society. They believed that the strict enforcement of the law was necessary to prevent chaos and protect the weak from the strong.