How do airplanes navigate across long distances?

Modern airplanes rely on a variety of tools and systems to navigate across long distances, both over land and sea. One of the most important tools used by pilots is the Global Positioning System (GPS), which is a network of satellites that provide accurate information about the airplane's position, altitude, and speed. This information is used in conjunction with a variety of other systems to ensure that the airplane stays on course and reaches its destination safely and efficiently.

In addition to GPS, airplanes also use an instrument called an Inertial Navigation System (INS), which uses accelerometers and gyroscopes to measure the airplane's movement and calculate its position relative to its starting point. INS is particularly useful when GPS signals are weak or unavailable, such as when flying over remote areas or over the polar regions.

Another important navigation tool used by airplanes is the Flight Management System (FMS), which is a computer system that helps pilots plan and execute their flight routes. FMS takes into account a variety of factors, such as wind conditions, airplane weight, and fuel consumption, to determine the most efficient route between two points. This helps save time and fuel, and reduces the environmental impact of air travel.

Finally, pilots also rely on traditional navigation tools such as charts, maps, and radio beacons to help guide them on their journeys. While these tools may seem outdated, they are still important backup systems in case of electronic or mechanical failure.