How do oceanographers study and map the ocean's deep-sea canyons and valleys?

Oceanographers use a variety of technologies to study and map the ocean's deep-sea canyons and valleys. These features can be difficult to study because they are often hidden beneath thousands of meters of water, but technological advancements have made it easier to study these areas. Some of the technologies used by oceanographers include:

• Multibeam sonar: This technology uses sound waves to create a detailed map of the seafloor. It is especially useful for mapping the shape and depth of deep-sea canyons and valleys.
• Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs): ROVs are underwater robots that can be controlled from a ship or land. They are equipped with cameras and other sensors that allow oceanographers to study the seafloor and collect samples.
• Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs): AUVs are similar to ROVs, but they operate without a tether to a ship or land. They can be programmed to collect data on the seafloor and can operate in areas that are too deep or dangerous for humans to explore.
• Seafloor drills: Seafloor drills are used to collect sediment and rock samples from the seafloor. These samples can be used to study the geology of the seafloor and the history of the ocean.

Once the data is collected, oceanographers use it to create 3D maps and models of the seafloor. These maps and models can provide valuable information about the ocean's geology, currents, and ecosystems.