How do submarines work?

Submarines are marine vessels that are capable of travelling and operating underwater. They work on the principles of buoyancy, pressure and the laws of physics.

Submarines are equipped with ballast tanks that can be filled with water or emptied to control the submarine's buoyancy. By filling the tanks with water, the submarine becomes heavier than the water and starts to sink. On the other hand, by emptying the tanks of water, the submarine becomes less dense than the water and starts to rise to the surface.

Submarines also use propulsion systems such as electric motors and nuclear reactors to power the vessel while it is underwater. The electric motor drives a propeller which helps the submarine move through the water. The nuclear reactor, on the other hand, heats water to produce steam which drives a turbine that powers the electric motor.

Submarines are also equipped with advanced navigation and communication systems, sonar technology for detecting other vessels, and weapons systems such as torpedoes and missiles for self-defence and offensive purposes.

The design of submarines has evolved over the years with improvements in technology, materials and construction methods. The modern submarine is a highly advanced piece of engineering capable of operating underwater for extended periods of time, and performing a variety of missions such as reconnaissance, surveillance, search and rescue, and combat operations.