How do territorial claims in Antarctica intersect with issues of human rights, such as the right to self-determination?

Antarctica is the only continent on Earth with no permanent population and no government, and it is governed under the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), which was signed in 1959 by twelve countries. The ATS sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, bans military activity, and provides for the freedom of scientific investigation.

Despite this, several countries have made territorial claims in Antarctica, which overlap with each other and with the claims of other countries. The claims are not recognized internationally and are subject to the ATS. The claims are also subject to the issues of human rights, such as the right to self-determination, as some groups argue that the territories claimed by certain countries should be governed by the people who live there, rather than by the countries making the claims.

The right to self-determination is a fundamental human right that allows people to choose their political status and the way in which they are governed. This right is enshrined in international law, including the United Nations Charter and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The right to self-determination is particularly relevant to indigenous peoples, who have historically been denied this right and have been subject to colonization and exploitation.

Antarctica is home to unique ecosystems and species, and its ice plays a critical role in regulating global climate. The issues of territorial claims and human rights intersect in Antarctica, as some argue that the territories claimed by certain countries should be governed in a way that ensures the protection of the environment and the rights of indigenous peoples.