How do you observe the atmosphere of Mars?

Observing the atmosphere of Mars is a crucial aspect of space exploration, as it provides valuable insights into the history, evolution, and current conditions of the Red Planet. There are several methods and techniques used to observe the Martian atmosphere, ranging from ground-based telescopes to spacecraft in orbit and on the surface.

One of the most common techniques used to observe the Martian atmosphere is spectroscopy. Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter, and it provides a way to determine the composition, temperature, and pressure of the Martian atmosphere. Spectroscopy can be done using ground-based telescopes or by instruments on board orbiting spacecraft.

Another method of observing the Martian atmosphere is by using remote sensing instruments, such as cameras, spectrometers, and radar. These instruments can detect and analyze different features of the Martian atmosphere, including clouds, dust storms, and the polar ice caps.

Finally, direct sampling of the Martian atmosphere can be done by spacecraft in orbit or on the surface. These spacecraft can take measurements of the atmospheric composition, pressure, temperature, and density, as well as study the behavior of the solar wind and its effects on the Martian atmosphere.