How does photosynthesis work in plants?

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy that can be used as food. This process occurs in the chloroplasts, specialized organelles found in the cells of plants and algae.

During photosynthesis, light energy is absorbed by pigments in the chloroplasts, such as chlorophyll, and is used to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen is released into the atmosphere, while the hydrogen is used to generate ATP, a molecule that stores energy, and NADPH, a molecule that carries energy. This process is known as the light-dependent reactions.

The ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions are then used in the light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle. In this process, carbon dioxide from the air is used to produce sugar and other organic molecules, which the plant can use as food.

Photosynthesis is a critical process that not only provides energy for plants and other organisms, but also produces oxygen that is essential for life on Earth.