How does the magnetic field protect the Earth from solar radiation and charged particles?

Earth's magnetic field, also known as the geomagnetic field, plays an important role in protecting the planet from the harmful effects of solar radiation and charged particles. The magnetic field extends from the Earth's core out into space, creating a protective barrier around the planet. It deflects most of the charged particles from the sun, called the solar wind, that would otherwise bombard Earth's atmosphere and surface.

The magnetic field is generated by the movement of molten iron in the Earth's outer core. The core's motion creates an electric current, which in turn generates the magnetic field. This magnetic field is not uniform, but is composed of many smaller fields that change and move over time. As the magnetic field interacts with the solar wind, it creates a bow shock that diverts the particles around the planet, protecting the atmosphere and surface from the worst of the radiation.

The magnetic field also creates two regions around the Earth where charged particles from the sun are trapped: the Van Allen radiation belts. These regions contain high-energy particles that are dangerous to satellites and spacecraft, but are mostly harmless to humans on the ground. The particles in the radiation belts are also responsible for the aurora borealis and aurora australis, the colorful light displays that occur at high latitudes.