How has Turkish journalism evolved over time?

Turkish journalism has a long and fascinating history that spans back to the Ottoman Empire. It has evolved significantly over time, from the earliest handwritten newspapers to the modern digital age of today.

In the Ottoman Empire, the earliest form of journalism was the handwritten newsletter known as 'yeni ceride' (new journal), which was distributed among the elite. The first printed newspaper in Turkish, 'Takvim-i Vekayi,' was established in 1831 during the reign of Sultan Mahmud II.

In the early 20th century, Turkish journalism underwent a significant transformation due to the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923. The government began to regulate the press, which led to increased censorship and the imprisonment of journalists who were critical of the government.

During the 1950s and 60s, Turkish journalism experienced a period of liberalization, with the emergence of privately-owned newspapers and the relaxation of censorship laws. However, this period was short-lived, and in 1971, a military coup led to increased censorship and the closure of many newspapers.

The 1980s and 90s saw a resurgence of independent journalism in Turkey, with the establishment of numerous new newspapers and magazines. However, this period was also marked by increased violence against journalists and the imprisonment of those critical of the government.

In the digital age of today, Turkish journalism faces new challenges and opportunities. While the internet has enabled greater freedom of expression, it has also increased the spread of fake news and disinformation. The government has also introduced new laws that restrict online freedom of expression and allow for greater surveillance of online activities.