What are the primary factors that influence the Earth's seasons?

The primary factors that influence the Earth's seasons are the tilt of the Earth's axis and its orbit around the sun. The tilt of the Earth's axis causes the Northern and Southern Hemispheres to receive different amounts of sunlight at different times of the year, leading to the changing seasons. During the summer solstice, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, causing longer days and warmer temperatures, while the Southern Hemisphere experiences shorter days and cooler temperatures. During the winter solstice, the opposite occurs.

The Earth's orbit around the sun also affects the seasons. Earth's orbit is elliptical, which means that it is slightly oval-shaped, and this affects how much sunlight reaches the Earth at different times of the year. However, this effect is much smaller than the effect of the tilt of the Earth's axis.