What is the process of DNA replication in cells?

DNA replication is the process by which cells create an exact copy of their DNA before cell division. It is a vital process for all living organisms as it ensures the inheritance of genetic information from one generation to the next. The process of DNA replication occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.

Initiation

The initiation stage begins when an enzyme called helicase unwinds the DNA double helix, separating the two strands. The site where this process begins is called the origin of replication. At this site, proteins bind to the DNA strands to keep them separated.

Elongation

In the elongation stage, enzymes called DNA polymerases synthesize new strands of DNA using the separated strands as templates. DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the new strand, so they work in opposite directions on the two strands. The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments called Okazaki fragments.

Termination

The termination stage occurs when the DNA polymerases reach the end of the DNA strands or meet another replication fork. At this point, the newly synthesized strands are separated from the parent strands, and the process is complete.

DNA replication is a complex process that involves many proteins and enzymes working together to ensure the faithful transmission of genetic information. Any errors in DNA replication can lead to mutations and ultimately diseases such as cancer.