What were the key events that led to the rise of the Ottoman Empire, and how did it expand over time?

The Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful and enduring empires in history, lasting from the late 13th century until its collapse at the end of World War I. The rise of the Ottoman Empire can be traced back to the 13th century, when a Turkish tribal leader named Osman founded a small state in what is now Turkey. Over time, the Ottomans expanded their territory and became a dominant force in the Middle East, Europe, and Africa.

The key events that led to the rise of the Ottoman Empire include the defeat of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, the conquest of Constantinople, and the capture of key territories in Europe and Asia. The Ottomans also benefited from the decline of the Mongol Empire, which had previously controlled much of the Middle East and Central Asia.

Under the rule of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire reached its zenith. During this time, the Ottomans expanded their territory and influence, conquering parts of Hungary, Iraq, Yemen, and the Caucasus region. They also established a powerful navy and became a major player in the Mediterranean.

However, the Ottoman Empire began to decline in the 17th and 18th centuries, as corruption and economic stagnation took their toll. The empire suffered a series of military defeats, including a major defeat at the hands of the Austrians in 1683. Despite attempts at reform, the Ottoman Empire continued to weaken, and by the 20th century it was known as the 'Sick Man of Europe.'

The Ottoman Empire ultimately collapsed at the end of World War I, as a result of its alliance with Germany and its defeat by the Allied Powers. The empire was replaced by the modern state of Turkey, which was established in 1923 under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.