Who were the Hyksos and how did they impact ancient Egyptian history?

The Hyksos were a group of people who invaded and occupied ancient Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, from around 1650 to 1550 BCE. The term 'Hyksos' means 'rulers of foreign lands,' and they were likely of Canaanite origin. They established their capital in the city of Avaris, in the northeastern part of the Nile Delta.

The Hyksos introduced several innovations to Egypt, including the use of the horse-drawn chariot and composite bows, which revolutionized warfare. They also introduced new artistic styles, including sphinxes and frescoes, which had a lasting impact on Egyptian art.

The Hyksos were eventually expelled from Egypt by the pharaoh Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and ushered in the New Kingdom period. Their rule had a significant impact on Egypt, leading to major changes in military tactics, the development of new trade networks, and the establishment of a new dynasty.