Why do cats make kneading movements similar to massage?

Cats make kneading movements by repeatedly pressing their paws into a soft surface, such as a blanket or their owner's lap. This behavior is sometimes referred to as 'making biscuits' or 'kneading dough,' and it is a common behavior among cats of all ages and breeds.

While the exact reason why cats knead is not fully understood, there are several theories. One theory suggests that kneading is a leftover behavior from kittenhood, when kittens knead their mother's belly to stimulate the flow of milk while nursing. Another theory suggests that kneading is a way for cats to mark their territory by leaving the scent from the glands on their paws.

Another theory is that kneading is a way for cats to show affection and bond with their owners, as cats often knead when they are relaxed and content. Kneading may also have a calming effect on cats, similar to the way that humans use massage to relieve stress and tension.

In summary, cats make kneading movements for a variety of reasons, including as a leftover behavior from kittenhood, a way to mark their territory, and a way to show affection and bond with their owners. Regardless of the reason, kneading is a common and endearing behavior among cats that many cat owners find charming and comforting.