How did the French legal system evolve during the Ancien Régime, and what were its main characteristics?

The legal system in France during the Ancien Régime underwent significant changes over time, reflecting the shifting balance of power between the monarchy, nobility, and the people. During the early Middle Ages, local customary law was prevalent, but over time, the king's authority grew, and a more centralized legal system emerged.

In 1667, King Louis XIV created the Grand Châtelet court, which was responsible for maintaining order in Paris and regulating trade. This court was also tasked with hearing appeals from other courts, as well as prosecuting serious crimes. In addition, a system of parlements was established across France, which were regional appellate courts that heard cases and registered royal edicts. However, these parlements were often at odds with the monarchy and used their power to resist royal attempts to centralize the legal system.

The French legal system during the Ancien Régime was based on Roman law, which was adapted to the French context over time. It was characterized by a complex hierarchy of courts, with different levels of jurisdiction, as well as a mix of civil and criminal law. In general, the system was more favorable to the nobility and the wealthy, who had greater access to legal representation and were subject to less severe punishments than commoners.

Another significant feature of the French legal system during the Ancien Régime was its use of torture to extract confessions and information from defendants. This practice was widespread, and in some cases, individuals were subjected to torture even if they were not guilty of a crime. It was not until the late 18th century that torture was officially abolished in France.

In conclusion, the French legal system during the Ancien Régime was characterized by a complex hierarchy of courts, regional differences, and a mix of civil and criminal law. The monarchy attempted to centralize the legal system, but was often resisted by the parlements and other regional institutions. The legal system was also marked by a reliance on torture and a bias towards the wealthy and the nobility.