How do bacteria and viruses impact the digestive system?

Bacteria and viruses can have a significant impact on the digestive system, leading to a range of symptoms and conditions. Bacteria are living organisms that can be beneficial or harmful, while viruses are non-living particles that need a host to survive. When these microorganisms enter the digestive system, they can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the gut, leading to gastrointestinal issues.

Bacterial infections such as salmonella, E. coli, and C. difficile can cause symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. These infections can be spread through contaminated food or water, or through close contact with infected individuals. Some bacteria can also cause chronic conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Viruses can also impact the digestive system, with common examples including norovirus and rotavirus. These infections can cause symptoms like diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, and can be spread through contaminated food or water, or through contact with infected individuals. In addition to acute infections, some viruses can lead to chronic conditions like hepatitis B and C, which can cause liver damage.