What are the major events that led to the development of modern biotechnology systems?

Modern biotechnology systems have their roots in a number of scientific breakthroughs and events spanning several decades. Below are some of the major events that led to the development of modern biotechnology systems:

• The discovery of the structure of DNA: In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA, which set the stage for the development of genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology.
• The development of restriction enzymes: In the early 1970s, scientists discovered restriction enzymes, which can cut DNA at specific sequences. This discovery paved the way for recombinant DNA technology.
• The first successful genetic engineering experiment: In 1973, Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer successfully cloned a piece of DNA and transferred it into a bacterium. This marked the beginning of genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology.
• The first genetically engineered drug: In 1982, the first genetically engineered drug, human insulin, was approved for use by the FDA. This breakthrough paved the way for the development of other genetically engineered drugs.
• The completion of the Human Genome Project: In 2003, the Human Genome Project was completed, which provided a map of the entire human genome. This has led to the development of personalized medicine and other biotechnology applications.