What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning in psychology?

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two of the most basic concepts in the field of behavioral psychology. Both forms of conditioning are learning processes that involve the formation of associations between stimuli and responses. However, there are some key differences between the two types of conditioning.

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes that response. In classical conditioning, the response is involuntary and automatic. The most famous example of classical conditioning is Pavlov's experiments with dogs. Pavlov found that he could train dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell by repeatedly ringing the bell before feeding the dogs.

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is modified by its consequences. In operant conditioning, the subject learns to associate a particular behavior with a consequence, either a reward or a punishment. If the behavior is followed by a reward, the subject is more likely to repeat the behavior in the future. If the behavior is followed by a punishment, the subject is less likely to repeat the behavior in the future. The most famous example of operant conditioning is B.F. Skinner's experiments with rats and pigeons.

Differences Between Classical and Operant Conditioning

The main difference between classical and operant conditioning is the type of behavior that is involved. Classical conditioning involves automatic, involuntary behaviors, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors. Another difference is the type of association that is formed. In classical conditioning, the association is between two stimuli, while in operant conditioning, the association is between a behavior and a consequence.