What were the Sumerian achievements in science and technology?

The Sumerians, an ancient civilization that emerged in Mesopotamia, present-day Iraq, around 4500 BCE, are known for their remarkable achievements in science and technology. The Sumerians were the first to develop a system of writing, known as cuneiform, which allowed them to record their achievements and communicate complex ideas.

In terms of science, the Sumerians made significant advancements in astronomy. They developed a lunar calendar and were able to predict lunar and solar eclipses. They also divided the sky into constellations and named them after animals and mythological creatures. The Sumerians' knowledge of astronomy was critical to their religious beliefs, as they believed the gods controlled the movements of the celestial bodies.

The Sumerians were also skilled engineers. They built large-scale irrigation systems, including canals and dams, that allowed them to cultivate crops in a dry and arid environment. They also built the first known arch, which allowed them to create massive, domed structures.

Other Sumerian inventions and innovations include the wheel, plow, and sailboat, which were critical to their agricultural and trading endeavors. They also developed bronze tools and weapons, which were stronger and more durable than their previous stone and copper counterparts.

Overall, the Sumerians were pioneers in many fields and their contributions to science and technology laid the foundation for many of the innovations that followed in later civilizations.